Field Gears

Definition of field gears

These are essential personal tools and equipments  that are most often used by geologists working in the field. refer to the requiments which are needed in order to conduct and obtains apropiates data.
Field gears are categories in two which are working gears and personal protective equipments(PPE)/safety gear.

 Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)  is equipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at work. It can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses. It also includes respiratory protective equipment (RPE).

The following are field gears and their uses. ;

Geological hammer specifically this equipment used for splitting and breaking rocks. But during our field work we used geological hammer for breaking down a rock to get afresh sample for description particular to determine its mineralogical composition, texture, nature and estimation of the rocks strength.

   

GPS (global position system), is a satellite based navigation system. This equipment in our field work we used in geological mapping for finding ones position, mapping lithology, measuring elevation, storing sampling points and descriptions of formations when samples are collected.

 

Field notebook It is of a great significance in the field, the field note book should be hardcover for ease when writing and should easily fit into a pocket. In our field work we used note book for writing every piece of information we came across with along the way and we recorded details about mineralogy, specific coordinates of outcrops, time, locality as well as geological features like joints, sedimentary structures.

 

Hand held lens; In our field work we used to make the first analysis of rock samples in terms of grain size in the field before further analysis is performed in the laboratories. The analysis needs to be detailed and descriptive giving all properties of the sample: rock type, color, texture, identifiable mineralogy.

  

Field camera is the only back up memory in addition to the notebook. In our field work we used camera to take photography of lithology from different angles as possible since its very important to take photographs of all interesting features ensuring a scale is used in each instance and photographs are important for descriptive purposes especially during report writing and for making presentations

 

Geological Compass; specifically for structural measurement of strike, dips and dip direction of the outcrop exposed. Basically in our field work we uses geological compass to measure orientation of geological structures, as they map in the field to analyze (and document) the geometry of bedding planes, joints. The type of compass used during mapping was known as Brunton compass and suunto compass.

Marker pens were used for labeling samples before they are put into the sample bags. Marker pens were of different colors such as red, blue and black.

 

First aid kit: Safety in the field is always a priority nevertheless accidents cannot be ruled out thus the need to be prepared with a first aid kit. Furthermore it is crucial that at least one person in the field crew be trained in basic first aid techniques.

Base map; we used in our field work for showing the distribution of geological units deduced from the outcrop shown on the field-slip.

 

Colored pencil; we used colored pencil in our field work specifically during the construction of geological maps for differentiate lithology in a map

Figure 1 Field gears

PERCUSSION DRILLING

Percussion drilling is a manual drilling technique in which a heavy cutting or hammering bit attached to a rope or cable is lowered in the open hole or inside a temporary casing. The technique is often also referred to as 'Cable tool'. Usually a tripod is used to support the tools. By moving the rope or cable up and down, the cutting or hammering bit loosens the soil or consolidated rock in the borehole, which is then extracted later by using a bailer. Just as with hand augering, a temporary casing of steel or plastic may be used to prevent the hole from collapsing. When the permanent well screen and casing are installed, this temporary casing has to be removed.

The following are field equipment and how they operate

Rolling cutter bits drill largely by fracturing or crushing the formation with "tooth"-shaped cutting elements on two or more cone-shaped elements that roll across the face of the borehole as the bit is rotated.

Fixed cutter bits employ a set of blades with very hard cutting elements, most commonly natural or synthetic diamond, to remove material by scraping or grinding action as the bit is rotated

Coring Bit; Bits that do not drill out the center portion of the hole, but allows this center portion (the core) to pass through the round opening in the center of the bit and into the core barrel.  common Coring bit on site :scraper coring drill bit, carbide coring bit, diamond coring bit, etc

Core Barrel;  A tubular device, usually from 10 to 60 feet (3 to 18 meters) long, run in place of a bit and used to cut a core sample. common core barrel is composed of the inside core barrel and the outside core barrel

Core paw; closely Locking core in order to cut off core or pull off core

Kelly drive is a square, hexagonal or octagonal shaped tubing that is inserted through and is an integral part of the rotary table that moves freely vertically while the rotary table turns it.system and down the drill string.

    Rotary table rotates, along with its constituent parts, the kelly and kelly bushing, the drill string and the attached tools and bit.

     Drill floor is the area on the rig where the tools are located to make the connections of the drill pipe, bottom hole assembly, tools and bit. It is considered the main area where work is performed.

     Bell nipple is a section of large diameter pipe fitted to the top of the blowout preventers that the flow line attaches to via a side outlet, to allow the drilling mud to flow back to the mud tanks.

      Blowout preventers (BOPs) (23 and 24) are devices installed at the wellhead to prevent fluids and gases from unintentionally escaping from the wellbore. 23 is the annular (often referred to as Hydril named after a manufacturer), and 24 is the pipe rams and blind rams.

    Drill string  is an assembled collection of drill pipe, heavy weight drill pipe, drill collars and any of a whole assortment of tools, connected and run into the wellbore to facilitate the drilling of a well. The collection is referred to singularly as the drill string.

     Drill bit  is a device attached to the end of the drill string that breaks apart the rock being drilled. It contains jets through which the drilling fluid exits.

     Casing head is a large metal flange welded or screwed onto the top of the conductor pipe (also known as drive-pipe) or the casing and is used to bolt the surface equipment such as the blowout preventers (for well drilling) or the Christmas tree (oil well) (for well production).

    Flow line is large diameter pipe that is attached to the bell nipple and extends to the shale shakers to facilitate the flow of drilling fluid back to the mud tanks.

   Centrifuge  is an industrial version of the device that separates fine silt and sand from the drilling fluid. It is typically mounted on top or just off of the mud tanks.

    Degasser  is a device that separates air and/or gas from the drilling fluid. It is typically mounted on top of the mud tanks.

    Desander / desilter  contains a set of hydrocyclones that separate sand and silt from the drilling fluid. Typically mounted on top of the mud tanks.the traveling block.

    Elevators  are hinged devices that is used to latch to the drill pipe or casing to facilitate the lowering or lifting (of pipe or casing) into or out of the wellbore.

    Mud motor is a hydraulically powered device positioned just above the drill bit used to spin the bit independently from the rest of the drill string.

REFERENCES

wikipedia. (n.d.). List_of_components_of_oil_drilling_rigs. Retrieved 11 29, 2017, from wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_components_of_oil_drilling_rigs

different-types-of-ppe-and-its-uses. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 27, 2017, from essentialsafetywear.co.uk: https://www.essentialsafetywear.co.uk/different-types-of-ppe-and-its-uses/

healthworkers. (n.d.). work-equipment/ppe. Retrieved 11 27, 2017, from healthyworkinglives.com: http://www.healthyworkinglives.com/advice/work-equipment/ppe

panish, M. (2015). Safety-Equipment-Protective-Gear-the-Right-Equip. Published-Articles , http://www.constructionwitness.com/Published-Articles/Safety-Equipment-Protective-Gear-the-Right-Equip.aspx.

wiki. (2016, June 29 ). Percussion_drilling. Retrieved 11 27, 2017, from akvopedia.org: http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Percussion_drilling

wiki. (2017, November 12). Personal_protective_equipment. Retrieved 11 27, 2017, from wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment